579 Fifth Avenue, 2nd Floor · New York, NY 10017
(212) 300-3191 inquiries@madisonlawfirm.com
Practice Area · Real Estate Litigation

When the Property
Relationship Becomes
Contested.

Madison Law Firm PLLC brings the same precision to the courtroom that we bring to the closing table — representing property owners and tenants in Housing Court, Civil Court, Supreme Court, and before the DHCR.

Our Litigation Practice
  • Wrongful eviction defense — Housing Court & Supreme Court
  • DHCR rent overcharge proceedings — tenants & owners
  • Landlord harassment proceedings & HP actions
  • Non-primary residence proceedings
  • Owner use & nuisance proceedings
  • Rent stabilization coverage disputes
  • Co-op & condo board disputes
  • Specific performance & contract disputes

We represent both property owners and tenants. Bring us your situation — we will tell you candidly where you stand and what can be done.

New York's Tenant Protections
Are Among the Strongest in the Nation.

New York City operates under one of the most protective landlord-tenant regulatory regimes in the country — the product of decades of legislative evolution, culminating in the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019 (HSTPA), which made sweeping changes to rent stabilization, overcharge enforcement, eviction procedure, and security deposit rules.

Approximately one million apartments in New York City are rent-stabilized or rent-controlled. These apartments are subject to mandatory lease renewal rights, regulated rent increases set annually by the NYC Rent Guidelines Board, DHCR oversight, and a six-year lookback period for overcharge claims. The HSTPA of 2019 eliminated luxury deregulation, abolished vacancy bonuses, and made rent stabilization permanent by removing the sunset provisions that previously required periodic renewal.

For both property owners and tenants, navigating this landscape requires counsel that is intimately familiar with the Rent Stabilization Law (NYC Administrative Code Chapter 4), the Emergency Tenant Protection Act, the Real Property Law, the RPAPL, and the DFS and DHCR regulatory frameworks. The rules change frequently, and the consequences of error — treble damages for landlords, lost homes for tenants — are severe.

"Your landlord has a lawyer. You need one, too. And if you are a landlord, you need one even more — the law has never been more favorable to tenants."

1969
Rent Stabilization Law — NYC Admin. Code Chapter 4
First enacted to address the post-war housing shortage, covering buildings with 6 or more units built between 1947 and 1974. Sets annual rent increases through the Rent Guidelines Board, mandatory renewal rights, and DHCR jurisdiction.
1974
Emergency Tenant Protection Act (ETPA)
Extended rent stabilization to additional buildings and counties. The foundational statute for most modern rent-stabilized tenancies. Defines the "emergency" housing conditions that justify continued regulation.
2019
Housing Stability & Tenant Protection Act (HSTPA)
The most significant overhaul of tenant protection law in New York's history. Eliminated luxury deregulation, vacancy bonuses, longevity increases. Extended overcharge lookback to six years. Capped IAI increases at $15,000 over 15 years. Made rent stabilization permanent. Strengthened security deposit rules and eviction notice requirements.
2024
NYC Fair Chance for Housing Law
Effective January 1, 2025 — restricts when and how landlords, co-op boards, and condo associations may conduct criminal background checks on applicants. Requires conditional approval before criminal history may be reviewed, and limits which convictions may form the basis of a denial.
2025
Local Law 97 & Ongoing Compliance
Building owners face carbon emission caps under Local Law 97, with civil penalties for non-compliance beginning in 2024 for some buildings. Enforcement and compliance litigation is becoming an emerging area in the landlord-tenant landscape.

Full-Spectrum Real Estate
Dispute Resolution.

We represent both property owners and tenants. The adversarial posture depends on the facts — not a predetermined firm preference for one side over the other.

🛡️

Wrongful Eviction Defense

Tenants facing eviction — whether in a non-payment proceeding, holdover proceeding, or unlawful lockout — have the right to competent legal representation. We fight evictions in Housing Court, Civil Court, and Supreme Court with the same rigor we bring to any contested matter.

  • Non-payment proceedings — defense & rent deposit issues
  • Holdover proceedings — all theories (owner use, non-primary, nuisance)
  • Illegal lockout proceedings — emergency relief & restoration
  • Constructive eviction defenses
  • RPAPL § 753 — judicial discretion to stay warrant
  • Retaliatory eviction defenses (RPL § 223-b)
  • Yellowstone injunctions — commercial tenant lease protection
  • Order to Show Cause & temporary restraining orders
⚖️

DHCR Proceedings

The Division of Housing and Community Renewal (DHCR) administers rent stabilization in New York. Its proceedings are quasi-judicial and highly technical. Both landlords and tenants have recourse before DHCR, and the stakes — including triple damages for tenants, or loss of stabilization for owners — make experienced counsel essential.

  • Rent overcharge complaints (tenant side) — 6-year lookback, treble damages
  • Overcharge defense (owner side) — record compilation, legal rent calculation
  • Failure to offer renewal lease proceedings
  • Rent reduction orders — service deterioration
  • Major Capital Improvement (MCI) applications & challenges
  • Individual Apartment Improvement (IAI) disputes
  • Fair Market Rent Appeals
  • Petitions for Administrative Review (PAR)
  • Article 78 proceedings — challenging DHCR determinations
🏚️

Landlord Harassment & HP Actions

Harassment of rent-regulated tenants is prohibited under the Rent Stabilization Law and NYC Administrative Code. Tenants experiencing harassment have remedies including HP actions in Housing Court, DHCR harassment complaints, and civil litigation in Supreme Court. We pursue all available remedies simultaneously.

  • HP (Housing Part) actions — order to correct violations
  • DHCR harassment complaints — rent freeze, civil penalties
  • Emergency repair orders
  • Warranty of habitability claims (RPL § 235-b)
  • Civil harassment litigation — damages
  • Unlawful service reduction proceedings
  • Illegal alteration complaints
  • Buyout negotiation on favorable tenant terms
🏢

Non-Primary Residence & Owner Use

Landlords seeking to recover rent-stabilized apartments for owner use or non-primary residence have specific procedural requirements and substantive burdens. We represent both sides of these proceedings — owners establishing legitimate non-primary or owner use claims, and tenants defending against pretextual or procedurally deficient proceedings.

  • Non-primary residence proceedings — owner side & tenant side
  • Owner/family use proceedings
  • HSTPA "immediate and compelling necessity" standard
  • 15-year tenure limitation defense
  • Tenant treble damages for fraudulent use claims
  • Discovery & investigation
🏛️

Co-op & Condo Board Disputes

Cooperative and condominium living creates distinct governance structures — and distinct legal conflicts. Board business judgment is given substantial deference in New York courts, but it is not absolute. We represent shareholders, unit owners, and boards in governance disputes, alteration disagreements, and assessment challenges.

  • Proprietary lease interpretation disputes
  • Board rejection challenges
  • Maintenance and assessment disputes
  • Alteration agreement disputes
  • Shareholder breach of house rules proceedings
  • Board election challenges
  • Business judgment rule analysis
  • Article 78 proceedings against boards
📄

Contract Disputes & Specific Performance

Real estate contracts create legally binding obligations. When a party fails to perform — refuses to close, fails to deliver vacant possession, or misrepresents property condition — legal remedies include specific performance, rescission, and damages. We litigate these matters in Supreme Court, where the full range of equitable and legal remedies is available.

  • Specific performance actions (RPAPL Article 15)
  • Breach of contract claims — buyer & seller side
  • Deposit recovery proceedings
  • Property condition misrepresentation claims
  • Quiet title actions
  • Partition actions
  • Commercial lease disputes
  • Fraud and rescission claims

The Housing Stability Act
Rewrote the Rules.

The Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019, effective June 14, 2019, made the most significant changes to New York rent regulation law in a generation. Understanding what changed — and what it means for your situation — requires counsel that has mastered the new landscape.

Overcharges

Six-Year Lookback — No Safe Harbor

Prior law allowed a four-year lookback for rent overcharge claims and provided a "safe harbor" for landlords who proactively refunded overcharges. HSTPA extended the lookback to six years, eliminated the safe harbor, and directs DHCR and courts to examine all available rent history "reasonably necessary" to the determination. Owner failures to maintain records trigger an unlimited lookback. Treble damages and attorney fees are mandatory upon a finding of willful overcharge.

Deregulation

Luxury Deregulation Eliminated

Before 2019, apartments could be permanently deregulated when the rent reached $2,774.76 (high-rent vacancy deregulation) or when a high-income tenant ($200,000+ annual income) vacated (high-income deregulation). HSTPA repealed both provisions, making all currently regulated apartments subject to permanent stabilization regardless of rent level or tenant income. This affects the valuation of thousands of Manhattan buildings.

Vacancy & Renewal

Vacancy Bonus & Longevity Increases Abolished

Landlords previously received an automatic 20% rent increase upon any vacancy. HSTPA repealed this vacancy bonus entirely, as well as the longevity increase that had applied to tenants of more than eight years. Rents now reset to the prior tenant's legal regulated rent upon vacancy — and annual increases are limited to the percentages set by the Rent Guidelines Board.

Improvements

IAI Increases Capped at $15,000

Individual Apartment Improvements (IAIs) may no longer be used to drive rapid deregulation. HSTPA caps total IAI rent increases at $15,000 over a 15-year period — amortized over 168 months, translating to a maximum rent increase of approximately $89/month. Landlords must also adhere to a DHCR-published schedule of reasonable improvement costs to prevent inflated IAI claims, and the increase rolls back after 30 years.

Eviction Procedure

Notice Requirements Strengthened

HSTPA substantially increased eviction notice requirements. For tenants in possession for one to two years, 60 days' notice of non-renewal is required. For tenants in possession for two or more years, 90 days' notice is required. Non-payment rent demands must be in writing and served at least 14 days before commencement. Warrants of eviction must be served at least 14 days before execution. These are mandatory, not directory requirements.

Security

Security Deposits Limited to One Month

HSTPA limits security deposits for all apartments — regulated and unregulated — to one month's rent. Landlords may not collect more than one month as a deposit or as advance rent (with limited exceptions). Security deposits must be returned within 14 days of vacancy with an itemized statement of any deductions. Failure to comply can result in forfeiture of the right to retain any portion of the deposit.

We Appear in Every Forum
Where Property Disputes Are Resolved.

Real estate and landlord-tenant disputes in New York City are litigated across multiple courts and administrative bodies — each with its own rules, procedures, and culture. We are experienced in all of them.

Housing Court — Civil Court of New York City, Housing Part

The principal forum for residential landlord-tenant disputes in New York City. Hears non-payment proceedings, holdover proceedings, HP actions, and illegal lockout cases. Each borough has its own Housing Part. CPLR rules apply, modified by local Housing Court rules.

  • Non-payment & holdover proceedings
  • HP actions (repairs & violations)
  • Illegal lockout proceedings
  • Warranty of habitability claims
  • Emergency orders & OSCs

New York State Supreme Court

Unlimited jurisdiction for complex real estate disputes. Required for commercial evictions exceeding Civil Court jurisdictional limits, specific performance actions, Yellowstone injunctions, Article 78 proceedings, and complex contract litigation. Offers full discovery and equitable remedies not available in Housing Court.

  • Specific performance & contract disputes
  • Yellowstone injunctions (commercial tenants)
  • Article 78 — challenging agency determinations
  • Rent overcharge actions (concurrent with DHCR)
  • Fraud, rescission & damages claims

DHCR — Division of Housing & Community Renewal

The state agency with primary jurisdiction over rent stabilization and rent control. Hears overcharge complaints, harassment complaints, MCI and IAI applications, and rent reduction proceedings. Final DHCR orders are subject to challenge via Article 78 petition in Supreme Court.

  • Rent overcharge complaints & defense
  • MCI & IAI applications & challenges
  • Harassment complaints
  • Failure to offer renewal lease
  • Petitions for Administrative Review (PAR)

What Clients
Ask Most.

How do I know if my apartment is rent-stabilized?
A rent-stabilized apartment is generally one in a building with six or more units built between February 1, 1947, and January 1, 1974, or in any building that receives certain tax benefits (421-a, J-51). You can check your apartment's status through the NYC Rent Guidelines Board website or request a rent history from DHCR using Form RA-89. We routinely help clients determine their regulatory status and assess whether they are being overcharged.
What is a rent overcharge and what are the remedies?
A rent overcharge occurs when a landlord charges more than the legally permitted regulated rent for a rent-stabilized apartment. Under HSTPA, the lookback period is six years from the date the complaint is filed. Remedies include: repayment of the overcharge; treble damages (three times the overcharge) if the overcharge is found to be willful; and mandatory attorney fees. An overcharge claim can be brought before DHCR or in Supreme Court.
Can my landlord evict me without going to court?
No. Under New York law, a landlord must obtain a judgment of possession and a warrant of eviction through a formal court proceeding before any eviction may occur. "Self-help" eviction — changing locks, removing belongings, cutting off utilities, or physically removing a tenant — is a crime under RPAPL § 853 and exposes the landlord to civil penalties of three times the actual damages. If you have been unlawfully locked out, an emergency proceeding for restoration can be brought immediately.
What is an HP action?
An HP action is a proceeding brought by a tenant in Housing Court under the Housing Maintenance Code to compel a landlord to make repairs, correct violations, or restore services. The Housing Part issues orders to correct with deadlines, and failure to comply can result in civil penalties. HP actions are available to all tenants regardless of rent-stabilized status, and they can be filed pro se (without an attorney), though representation significantly improves outcomes.
What is a Yellowstone injunction?
A Yellowstone injunction — named after First National Stores, Inc. v. Yellowstone Shopping Center, Inc., 21 N.Y.2d 630 (1968) — is an injunction available to commercial tenants that tolls the cure period in a landlord's notice to cure a lease default. It prevents the lease from being terminated while the parties litigate whether the alleged default actually exists, preserving the tenant's ability to cure if the court ultimately rules against them. It is one of the most powerful tools available to commercial tenants and must be sought immediately upon receipt of a notice to cure.
My landlord is trying to claim I don't live in my apartment as my primary residence. What can they do?
A landlord may commence a holdover proceeding in Housing Court if they have a good-faith belief that a rent-stabilized tenant does not use the apartment as their primary residence — defined as the place to which they intend to return and which they treat as home. The landlord bears the burden of proof. Factors include tax returns, driver's license address, voter registration, utility use, mail delivery, and witness testimony. These proceedings are highly fact-intensive and require careful preparation. Under HSTPA, tenants of 15 or more years have additional protections against owner-use claims.
What is the difference between rent control and rent stabilization?
Rent control applies to apartments in buildings of three or more units constructed before February 1, 1947, where the same tenant (or a qualifying family successor) has been in continuous occupancy since before July 1, 1971. It provides the strongest protections — rents are set by the DHCR under the Maximum Base Rent system. There are very few remaining rent-controlled apartments. Rent stabilization is far broader, covering approximately one million apartments, and applies to buildings meeting the criteria described above. Both systems are administered by DHCR.
Do you represent landlords as well as tenants?
Yes. We represent both property owners and tenants in all proceedings described on this page. Our representation is determined by the facts, our client's interests, and the strength of their position — not by a predisposition toward one side. Property owners have legitimate interests that the law protects, and tenants have powerful rights that require zealous enforcement. We bring the same quality of advocacy to both.

Tell Us About
Your Dispute.

Speak With Our Litigation Team

Whether you are a tenant facing eviction, an owner with an underpaying or non-compliant tenant, or a party to a contract dispute — we welcome the conversation. Initial consultations are complimentary. We provide a candid assessment of your situation and a clear outline of available remedies.

Address
579 Fifth Avenue, 2nd Floor
New York, NY 10017
Hours
Monday – Friday, 9:00 AM – 6:00 PM
Urgent matters by appointment

Contact Our Litigation Team

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